精东影业

Event Recap

The Boisi Center kicked off its fall events with a three-part webinar series titled, 鈥淐atholic Voters and the 2020 Election.鈥� The first session engaged the Church, asking how the Catholic Church would frame the issues for the 2020 election and how this will influence the votes of the faithful. This inward-looking discussion featured M. Cathleen Kaveny, professor of law and theology at Boston College; Cardinal Joseph Tobin, Archbishop of Newark; and Michael Sean Winters, columnist at the National Catholic Reporter.

The panel鈥檚 moderator, Mark Massa, S.J., director of the Boisi Center, began the conversation asking Tobin which issues were of greatest concern for Catholics in the 2020 election, with a particular eye to his own archdiocese. Tobin noted three key issues: first, the pandemic, especially since Newark was among the hardest hit areas for COVID infections and death; second, immigration, as New Jersey is within the top five states for immigrants鈥攊n their case, Latinx, South Asian, and Filipino; and third, economic issues, given that unemployment is so high and tax burdens have shifted.

Turning to Kaveny, Massa asked which was the way Catholics will frame how they vote--by issues or personalities鈥攁nd how will they actually vote? Kaveny argued that we do not actually vote by issue, we vote for a person. History has taught us that we look for people that can handle the issues that arise. No one voted for Bush to handle the 9/11, for Obama to handle the Great Recession, or Trump this pandemic, instead they vote for a person they believe can do the job. Citing San Diego Bishop Robert McElroy鈥檚 recent article in the National Catholic Reporter, Kaveny noted that we should be looking at the 鈥淔our Cs鈥�: the candidates鈥� competence to do the job, their character, their ability to collaborate, and their connections to particular specialists and advisors. And she urged the audience to distinguish between important and urgent issues (while repairing a home鈥檚 foundation is important, it is less urgent when the roof is on fire) as well as the complexity of problems (while we might agree that something is a problem, solving it can take different forms). Though these ought to be considered, often American Catholics鈥� votes mirror those of their non-Catholic peers.

Massa then asked Winters about the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops鈥� (USCCB) document, Faithful Citizenship, and the new position of abortion in that document. Winters noted that, while the document has been produced since 2004, it is updated for every presidential election. This recent edit saw abortion rendered 鈥渢he preeminent issue,鈥� which was not without its controversy among bishops, especially since Pope Francis listed (and the bishops quoted) other issues that were also life issues, such as racism and the environment鈥攁 jarring juxtaposition. The bishops鈥� concern for abortion being rooted particularly in concern unease about the possibility of overturning Roe v. Wade with conservative Supreme Court nominees, Winters argued, is a flawed moral teaching focusing too much on possibilities than realities. Instead, they should scrap Faithful Citizenship and teach what the church teaches, especially Catholic social teaching.

Massa returned to Tobin, asking whether Catholics heed the commandment to have no other gods before God when voting. Tobin referred to a dinner party he attended at which the woman next to him asked what the most pressing issue facing the church is today. He answered, 鈥淭he chasm between faith and life.鈥� We cannot relegate our faith to an hour a week, but should inform our political lives, instead of falling after our party or ideological affiliations. Tobin says we must see our political lives as essential within our call to holiness and, as such, should be in light of the faithful鈥檚 missionary discipleship as we read the signs of the times. The worst that can happen is the instrumentalization of religious identity for political gain. Winters added in affirmation that we cannot water down our faith when we enter the public square. Though, Kaveny noted, that we also must be concerned about not just our own faith being represented at the polls and in the policies of those we elect. Instead, we must note that religious liberty is about protecting the vulnerable who need majority protection.

Massa asked Kaveny to talk more about intrinsic evil, since that is a term often peddled in religio-political discourse. Kaveny distinguished between intrinsic evils and mortal sin. Not every intrinsic evil is gravely wrong or violative of justice. As such, the term does not help Catholics in their political discourse because we do not, for example, criminalize intrinsically evil acts (like lying). Winters noted that the term was added to the 2004 version of Faithful Citizenship to distinguish between the gravity of abortion and capital punishment, which in itself is an instrumentalization of faith. At the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, even, he heard criticisms of the USCCB鈥檚 decision to include it. Tobin argued that to clarify, it would be better to use formal and material cooperation, which is a way for the faithful to better understand how their participation in the country鈥檚 public life can be done faithfully even if in an imperfect way. Winters also argued that the bishops ought not obscure the issues. As McElroy鈥檚 article noted, abortion is certainly grave, but so is climate change, and so are the concerns of the 鈥渦ns鈥�: the unborn, the unemployed, the undocumented鈥攖hose most marginalized by society.

Massa then turned more specifically to abortion, noting the Pew study that found only one percent of voters think it to be the most important issue. What, he asked, are the implications of this? Are the bishops missing something or are people not voting with their consciences? Kaveny noted that by-and-large, Catholics are not single-issue voters but look to many issues. Also, while abortion might get much press, that excitement does not often trickle down to the masses. Catholic voters tend to see the problem as more complex and the answer as multi-dimensional.

Massa asked Tobin more directly whether a Catholic can vote for Biden and how Catholics are to deal with the balance of issues bound up in Catholic social teaching that are split among candidates. Tobin acknowledged that neither party represents fully the Catholic moral tradition, but that we should vote no less. To do so in good conscience requires prudence, weighing everything in light of the common good. Evaluating a single issue is inadequate. To make these broader evaluations, Catholics must start connecting issues with faces鈥攔eal human experience. To remove the faces renders heinous acts more acceptable. He noted that 鈥渁 person in good conscience could vote for Joe Biden;鈥� in his opinion, he would have 鈥渁 more difficult time with the other option.鈥�

Next, the panel received questions from the audience. First, they were asked about the role of social media and some who, on certain platforms, argue that Catholics cannot vote for Democrats. Winters replied that the concern is less with social media and more with those times that the 鈥渃raziness鈥� crosses into the mainstream. When Bishop Strickland endorses Father Altman鈥檚 video, for example, EWTN picks it up and that message reached millions of Catholics, especially during the pandemic.

Another audience member asked whether competence and character are both needed or can issues be considered when one is not present. Kaveny argued both are necessary. Character, after all, is a type of competence, a moral competence to prudentially weigh the issues at stake for the common good, even for the good of those who did not vote for the candidate.

Tobin was asked about Pope Francis鈥檚 recent comments during the ad limina visit of some U.S. bishops who quoted him as saying that abortion was most important. Tobin responded that we must remember that Pope Francis鈥檚 message, like his predecessors鈥�, is one of discernment鈥攊ssues are not always self-evident. It is also important to remember the pope is a teacher, not a prophet. As such, he must not be pointed to for political points on particular issues, but should be used as a guide to one鈥檚 own discernment.

Winters was asked about a recent N精东影业/Marist poll that found white practicing Catholics favored Trump, while Biden was favored by white non-practicing Catholics. Winters problematized what is meant by 鈥減racticing.鈥� Mass-goers are often older, more conservative, and more likely to be exposed to the bishops鈥� letters. But mass-going is not the litmus test for 鈥減racticing.鈥� Devotion manifests itself in many forms. Kaveny added that we should also be mindful of the way certain exclusionary messaging from Church leadership about politics is also true on matters of belonging in the Church. Many, though a minority, loud voices want a small, more 鈥渇aithful鈥� Church. Depending on who hears this message among those who identify as Catholic, those who practice might be a smaller number of those who otherwise might practice in a more mass-oriented way.

The panel ended with two questions to Tobin about how those not exposed to theological education can form their consciences before voting for the common good and what can be done to enhance the exposure seminarians and other Catholic students get to receive from Catholic social teaching. Tobin was grateful that it was noted that consciences are formed. To form them, he argued, requires familiarity with the word of God, among other things, and to be mindful of the complexity of moral dilemmas. Noting the 鈥渟eamless garment鈥� theory by Cardinal Joseph Bernardin, Tobin illustrated the interrelatedness of issues, which can prevent unhelpful and unnecessary binaries and juxtapositions of issues. For seminaries, in particular, it is important to not lose real experience for theological education. Acts of pastoral life for seminarians keeps faces on issues and the lived experience of the faith in persons within the knowledge of those who minister to and teach them. Citing St. Alphonsus Liguori, he said, a problem in the Church is when confessors do not study and when professors do not hear confession.