How the Debate Over Birth Control Changed Catholic Theology:聽The Structure of Theological Revolutions聽by Mark Massa, S.J.
Lisa Sowle Cahill, Boston College
Meghan Clark, St. John's University聽
James Keenan, S.J., Boston College
Mark Massa, S.J., Boston College
Richard Gaillardetz, Boston College聽
Date:聽November 5, 2018
Abstract
2018 marks the 50th Anniversary of the landmark papal encyclical聽Humanae Vitae, which declared artificial birth control "intrinsically disordered" and marked an ethical line in the sand that has alternatively alienated and energized Catholics for the past 50 years. Mark Massa S.J. argues in his recent book,聽The Structure of Theological Revolutions: How the Fight Over Birth Control Transformed American Catholicism,聽that the encyclical gave birth to a series of paradigm shifts in understanding what natural law is, and how it informs the moral life. Further, Massa examines the introduction of聽Humanae Vitae聽in order聽to make a case for how theological development is messy, disjointed, and hardly the result of one, unified, tradition.
In the Boisi Center's Author Meets His Critics panel event, Massa will respond to the comments and critiques of three commentators:聽 Lisa Sowle Cahill (Boston College), James Keenan, S.J. (Boston College), and Meghan Clark (St. John's University).聽
Speaker Bios
Lisa Sowle Cahill,聽is the J. Donald Monan Professor聽of theology聽at Boston College. Cahill has taught at Boston College since 1976 and has also been a visiting professor at Georgetown and Yale Universities. She received her Ph.D. from the University of Chicago, and is a past president of the Catholic Theological Society of America and the Society of Christian Ethics. Her research interests include the history of Christian ethics, New Testament ethics, Catholic social ethics, feminist theology, bioethics, and the ethics of war and peace.
Meghan Clark聽is an associate professor of theology and religious studies at St. John's University in Queens, NY. Her research interests include Catholic social thought, human rights, solidarity, and global development. As a social ethicist, she focuses on questions of global health, economic development, participation, violence against women, and justice in theological ethics. Currently, she serves as a faculty expert for the Holy See鈥檚 Mission to the United Nations coordinated by St. John鈥檚 Vincentian Center for Church and Society. She has conducted fieldwork on human rights and solidarity in Sudan, Kenya, Ethiopia and Tanzania. She is author of聽The Vision of Catholic Social Thought: the Virtue of Solidarity and the Praxis of Human Rights聽(Fortress Press, 2014) and won first place in Catholic Social Teaching in the 2015 Catholic Press Association Book Awards. Clark received her B.A. from Fordham University and her Ph.D. in Theological Ethics from Boston College.聽
James Keenan, S.J.,聽is Canisius Professor and director of The Jesuit Institute at Boston College. His work and research focus around theological ethics, including questions of embodiment, sexuality, Thomistic ethics and 20th Century Catholic moral theology. His most recent publications include聽University Ethics: How Colleges can Build and Benefit from a Culture of Ethics, (Rowman and Littlefield, 2015), and聽Paul and Virtue Ethics聽with Daniel Harrington (New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 2010). Forthcoming work includes,聽A Brief History of Catholic Ethics,聽expected from Paulist Press. Keenan received his A.B. from Fordham University, his M.Div. from the Weston Jesuit School of Theology, and his S.T.L. and S.T.D. from the Gregorian University in Rome.聽
Mark Massa, S.J., (author)聽is the director of the Boisi Center for Religion and American Public Life at Boston College, where he is also professor of theology. Massa received his Ph.D. in American religion from Harvard University, and is the author of seven books. His most recent book,聽The Structure of Theological Revolutions: How the Fight Over Birth Control Transformed American Catholicism聽will be published in fall 2018 by Oxford University Press. His monograph published in 1999,聽Catholics and American Culture: Fulton Sheen, Dorothy Day, and the Notre Dame Football Team,聽received the Alpha Sigma Nu Award for Best Work in Theology for 1999-2000. His ongoing area of research is American Catholic faith and culture of the past century.聽
Richard Gaillardetz聽(moderator)聽is the Joseph Professor of Catholic Systematic Theology at Boston College. His research interests center around the Second Vatican Council and the Catholic papacy, especially the papacy of Pope Francis; ecclesiology; sacramental theology; and questions of authority and its effects on spirituality and ministry. Gaillardetz is the current chair of the theology department at Boston College and was president聽of the Catholic Theological Society of America (CTSA) in 2013-14. He has received numerous awards from both the Catholic Press Association and the Association of Catholic publishers and is a past recipient of the Sophia Award (2000). Recent publications include,聽An Unfinished Council: Vatican II, Pope Francis and the Renewal of Catholicism聽(Liturgical Press, 2015) and聽A Church with Open Doors: Catholic Ecclesiology for the Third Millennium聽(co-editor with Edward P. Hahnenberg, Liturgical Press, 2015). Gaillardetz received an A.B. from the University of Texas at Austin and an M.A. and Ph.D. from the University of Notre Dame.聽
Event Photos
Event Recap
Director of the Boisi Center, Mark Massa, S.J., opens his newest book with Giuseppe Tomasi de Lampedusa: 鈥淚f we want everything to stay the same, everything has to change.鈥 Change, in Catholic theology more broadly and in natural law specifically, was the subject of a critical panel on Massa鈥檚 recent publication聽The Structure of Theological Revolutions: How the Fight Over Catholic Theology Transformed American Catholicism. Introduced and moderated by Richard Gaillardetz (Boston College), the panelists included Meghan Clark (St. John鈥檚 University), James Keenan, S.J. (Boston College), and one of the authors profiled in Massa鈥檚 book, Lisa Sowle Cahill (Boston College).
The panelists praised Massa鈥檚 fair exposition of four competing natural law paradigms, but pressed him with a further question: what will be the next paradigm? Massa offered that there are several ways the conversation on natural law can develop. One may be a new paradigm arising from liberation theology in conversation with global movements of the LGBTQ+ community and the American Latinx and Black Lives Matter movements.
Another conversation, Massa hopes, may be a deeper engagement between academic theologians and the papacy. After Humanae Vitae鈥檚 publication, many of the sharpest oppositions to its teachings came from academic theologians who strongly disagreed with the theological assumptions and conclusions as being faithful to natural law. Massa hopes that both sides can take a cue from some of the collaborative relationships found among the medievals, where academic theologians worked closely with the papacy to achieve theologically sound conclusions on religious matters.聽
The panel concluded with Clark offering a reminder that what exacerbates the debate on birth control within the Catholic church is the level of misinformation both ideologically and, especially, historically. Massa agrees that the import of historical knowledge is at the heart of the book, pressing that one takeaway is that natural law has developed and evolved over time, and not as one coherent tradition or one linear progression. Gaillardetz concluded the panel discussion by calling attention to the prevailing perception, regarding Pope Paul VI and others, that if the church changes its stance on one issue it risks undermining the authority of the whole institution. Massa鈥檚 book, opening up the conversation around natural law to its historicist nature, offers a careful way forward in conceiving of such change without fear.
Read More
Books
Kaiser, Robert Blair.聽The Encyclical that Never Was: The Story of the Pontifical Commission on Population, Family, and Birth, 1964.聽London: Sheed and Ward, 1985.聽
Kuhn, Thomas.聽The Structure of Scientific Revolutions.聽Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012. 4th Edition, 1962.聽
Massa, Mark.聽The Structure of Theological Revolutions: How the Fight Over Birth Control Transformed American Catholicism.聽London, UK: Oxford University Press, 2018.聽
Noonan, John.聽Contraception: A History of Its Treatment by Catholic Theologians and Canonists.聽Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1965.聽
Shannon, William H.聽The Lively Debate: The Response to "Humanae Vitae."聽New York: Sheed and Ward, 1970.聽
Articles
Cosacchi, Daniel. Review:聽. America Magazine, October 1, 2018.
Gjelten, Tom.聽. National Public Radio, July 3, 2018.
Paul VI.聽.聽Vatican Website, July 25, 1965.聽
Winters, Michael Sean.聽. National Catholic Reporter, July 25, 2018.
In the News
2018 marks fifty years since Pope Paul VI released聽Humanae Vitae.聽NPR鈥檚 Tom Gjelten surveys Catholics on聽. Gjelten quotes Mark Massa, S.J.: 鈥淲hen people see what they regard as bad law, it breeds contempt for good law.鈥 Gjelten questions whether U.S. Catholics 鈥渟how in their daily lives that the church's official prohibition of artificial birth control means little in practice, even if it has some value in theory.鈥