精东影业

Our eyes naturally turn toward action, vibrant colors, and stimulating images and noises. But what if sounds could be used to help direct our eyes to certain colors?

New research by Boston College marketing professors finds the sensory match between sound frequency and color lightness could have broad implications for the use of sound to guide consumers鈥� visual attention, whether to elements of a particular advertisement or within a retail environment.

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鈥淭his is interesting from both a cognitive psychology perspective and a practical marketing perspective,鈥� says co-researcher Henrik Hagtvedt, associate professor of marketing at 精东影业's Carroll School of Management.听 鈥淢arketers can subtly influence consumers鈥� visual attention by selectively exposing them to sound frequencies that match the color lightness of target objects.鈥�
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鈥淲e came at this from a number of different angles,鈥� says co-researcher S. Adam Brasel, also an associate professor of marketing at the Carroll School. 鈥淥ur eye-tracking data establishes the baseline effect, then we demonstrate downstream consequences in both commercial and retail environments.鈥�
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Hagtvedt and Brasel conducted five studies with 362 participants. Individuals were exposed to audio tones or musical soundtracks of varying frequencies while colored objects appeared on a computer screen and an eye tracker recorded participants' visual focus. The results were as expected: higher sound frequencies guided visual attention toward lighter-colored objects and lower sound frequencies guided visual attention toward darker-colored objects.
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The effect occurred without the viewers鈥� awareness. In fact, it occurred even when participants were instructed to view elsewhere. When an audio tone was played, study participants would automatically look toward an object with matching color lightness, and only after a brief moment would they override that immediate response and look at the object they had been instructed to look at.
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鈥淎utomatic attention effects of this kind might prove especially useful in that they do not rely on consumers鈥� conscious awareness,鈥� according to the study.

鈥淭he results suggest that managers can use this effect to guide attention in the store...For example, they might nudge customers toward merchandise with high profit margins or products that are overstocked by playing music that guides people toward darker or lighter areas of the store, darker or lighter shelves, or darker or lighter packaging.鈥�
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A field study in a large supermarket highlighted some practical consequences of this effect. Bananas were placed on one shelf with white paper while other bananas were placed on a shelf with black paper. Two music tracks played at alternating 30-minute intervals, one at a high frequency and another at a low frequency. More bananas were purchased from the white shelf when high-frequency music played, and more were purchased from the black shelf when low-frequency music played.
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鈥淭he results suggest that managers can use this effect to guide attention in the store,鈥� says Hagtvedt. 鈥淔or example, they might nudge customers toward merchandise with high profit margins or products that are overstocked by playing music that guides people toward darker or lighter areas of the store, darker or lighter shelves, or darker or lighter packaging.鈥�
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Hagtvedt and Brasel also had 133 college students watch a commercial for a fictitious restaurant. The first half of the commercial was identical between conditions and featured typical scenes of interiors, guests, and serving staff, while the second half featured specific restaurant information split between a light box and a dark box. When seeing a version of the commercial that featured a high-frequency soundtrack, study participants remembered more information from the light-colored box, whereas those who saw the commercial with low-frequency music remembered more information from the dark-colored box.
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鈥淭he soundtrack guided their visual attention to darker or lighter areas of the screen,鈥� says Brasel. 鈥淪o if it鈥檚 important that people pay attention to certain things in your commercial, like a logo or product feature, you could use the soundtrack frequency to guide visual attention to where it needs to be.鈥�
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The Boston College researchers say this subtle form of influence not only goes beneath the threshold of consumer consciousness, but it can be applied to a wide variety of contexts 鈥� online, in stores, on television 鈥� wherever there is sound and color.
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鈥淭his research doesn鈥檛 only pertain to what marketers are currently doing; it鈥檚 also revealing some new opportunities,鈥� says Hagtvedt. 鈥淔or example, there is currently intense competition for shelf space in retail outlets. The next step might be companies competing for the ambient soundtrack that fits their product offerings.鈥�
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鈥淭his doesn鈥檛 have to be difficult to implement,鈥� says Brasel. 鈥淚t鈥檚 not a huge new technology or a fundamental redesign of stores or commercials. This is about understanding how consumers process information.鈥�
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鈥淎nother question is whether such practices are good or bad for consumers,鈥� adds Hagtvedt. 鈥淎 subtle effect that operates beneath the threshold of consciousness might be seen as insidious or manipulative. On the other hand, it could be seen as a non-intrusive way to influence customers without bothering them. Either way, the effect itself is interesting.鈥�
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鈥擲ean Hennessey | University Communications